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    • The multidimensional nature of SES measures can make

    2018-10-29

    The multidimensional nature of SES measures can make it igf1r inhibitor difficult to identify the specific mechanisms linking SES to developmental outcomes. In this study, SES may index infants’ early mental abilities/IQs, which in turn contribute to learning and memory efficacy. In this case, the current findings would mirror those seen among children and adolescents in Markant and Amso (2014). IQ predicted memory performance among children in the facilitation condition but not among participants who engaged spatial selective attention during encoding. However, while there is substantial research documenting a link between SES and older children\'s IQ scores (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997; Gottfried et al., 2003; Smith et al., 1997), the link between SES and early mental abilities during infancy is less clear (Tucker-Drob et al., 2011; von Stumm and Plomin, 2015). Thus it is also possible that the current results reflect an early link between SES and basic learning and memory functions in infancy, which then contributes to the emergence of a consolidated mental ability/IQ as development proceeds. The present study did not use standardized measures of infants’ mental abilities, making it difficult to distinguish between these potential mechanisms. Incorporating these measures into future studies will clarify the mechanisms linking SES to specific cognitive processes in infancy. In the present study, attention orienting was manipulated in a between-subjects manner, such that one group of infants engaged basic orienting processes during encoding and a separate group of infants engaged spatial selective attention (i.e., IOR) during the encoding phase. Our group analyses (see Section 3.2.1) showed that memory scores were reliably higher for low-SES infants who engaged spatial selective attention in the IOR condition relative to infants from similar low-SES homes who engaged basic orienting mechanisms in the facilitation/baseline condition. In contrast, there was no difference in memory performance across the facilitation/baseline and IOR conditions among infants from high-SES homes. These data provide further support for the idea that engaging spatial selective attention during encoding specifically benefitted infants from low-SES homes. However, this between-subjects design is limited by potential unobserved group differences. Future work can more powerfully examine the role of selective attention engagement in boosting learning and memory efficacy among low-SES/at-risk populations by manipulating attention orienting in a within-subject design.
    Conclusions The present findings further underscore that attention and memory are functionally integrated beginning early in life, as the nature of the orienting mechanism engaged during encoding moderated the association between SES and recognition memory performance. This mirrors the pattern observed with IQ and recognition memory among children and adolescents, but at the remarkably early age of 9 months. These data additionally speak to the plasticity of interactive systems in the human brain. Hackman and Farah (2009) argued that SES impacts neurocognitive systems in a graded fashion. We argue here that it is imperative to understand which cognitive systems are shaped by SES, which systems are resilient, and how these systems interact with each other. This understanding will guide the formulation of learning strategies and educational environments that are designed to counteract and ultimately reverse poorer cognitive outcomes in individuals from lower SES communities as early as in infancy.
    Introduction Early life experiences are known to have a profound impact on brain development and behavior. Epidemiological data and clinical studies suggest a strong link between childhood maltreatment and the development of substance use disorders, mental health disorders, obesity, and other physical health problems (Heim and Nemeroff, 2001; Sánchez et al., 2001; Fishbein et al., 2009; Felitti et al., 1998; Dube et al., 2001; Jaffee et al., 2002; Gilbert et al., 2009). Changes in neural circuits supporting executive function caused by early neglect or maltreatment could both cause and/or exacerbate mental and physical health conditions. For example, executive function deficits may contribute to the development and management of substance use disorders (Goldstein and Volkow, 2011).