• br Funding br Introduction l Dihydroxyphenylalanine l DOPA i

  2025-01-24

  

  Funding Introduction l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is the gold-standard treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, its chronic use induces severe motor complications that eventually limit its long-term efficacy (Bastide et al., 2015). The most disabling side

• Despite the growing knowledge surrounding the link

  2025-01-23

  

  Despite the growing knowledge surrounding the link between ATX and cholestatic pruritus in PBC, it remains unclear if the role of the ATX-LPA signaling axis includes lymphocytes homing in the liver of PBC, and if the resulting inflammation is associated with PBC pruritus (Fig. 3). PBC is characteriz

• Since innate immune responses represent the first

  2025-01-23

  

  Since innate immune responses represent the first defense against incoming infectious microorganisms, they are particularly engaged during the early stages of viral infections. Many innate defense mechanisms rely on the engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are conserved, germ lin

• carboxypeptidase We showed that activation of the ATM ATR

  2025-01-23

  

  We showed that activation of the ATM/ATR pathway leads to over-replication through suppression of CDK1 activity, consistent with previous findings that suppression of CDK1 activity is involved in the polyploidization of megakaryocyte and trophoblast cells [36], [37], [38], [39]. Suppression of CDK1

• In conclusion we report that the widely

  2025-01-23

  

  In conclusion, we report that the widely prescribed drug VPA exerts therapeutic effects on optic nerve demyelination and retinal degeneration in a mouse model of MS. Our findings raise an interesting possibility that combination therapy of VPA and ASK1 inhibition may be useful for treatment of autoi

• Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracel

  2025-01-23

  

  Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracellular signaling cascades including Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and calcineurin. The spatiotemporal abundance of this Ca2+/CaM complex determines the direction of synaptic plasticity, resulting in LTP (Malinow

• The number of times an animal reared was the only

  2025-01-23

  

  The number of times an animal reared was the only emotional behavior that was significantly higher in the young mice than in the middle-aged group. This may be explained by diminished curiosity or augmented ambulation with aging (Lalonde and Strazielle, 2008). A recent study showed that middle-aged

• br Conflict of interest statement br

  2025-01-23

  

  Conflict of interest statement Introduction The global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to increase to 106 million in 2050 from 30 million in 2010 (Brookmeyer et al., 2007), which will further impose a significant economic burden on health systems and society as a whole (Bro

• Heat shock protein Hsp is a molecular chaperone that

  2025-01-23

  

  Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that plays a central role in regulating the maturation, activation and stability of numerous “client proteins” that drive the development and progression of many cancers. Therefore, inhibition of Hsp90 would result in degradation of the client p

• br Conclusions br Introduction During

  2025-01-23

  

  Conclusions Introduction During numerous physiological processes, aldehydes are generated from a variety of endogenous and exogenous precursors including amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids [1]. Most aldehydes are highly reactive and cytotoxic due to the strong electrophilic nature of the t

• Microbe derived ligands can also activate AHR

  2025-01-23

  

  Microbe-derived ligands can also activate AHR. Malassezia, a commensal yeast in human skin, can metabolize tryptophan into several AHR activating compounds including FICZ and ICZ [59]. Lactobacillus converts tryptophan into indole-3-aldehyde (IAld), which can activate AHR and promote IL-22 productio

• Furthermore we found up regulated protein

  2025-01-22

  

  Furthermore, we found up-regulated protein and mRNA levels of adenosine kinase in mouse retina with TON. The up-regulation of ADK was previously demonstrated in diabetic retinopathy (Pang et al., 2010). Greater levels of ADK in activated macrophages and microglial cells abrogate the immune response.

• Macrophage polarization is linked to

  2025-01-22

  

  Macrophage polarization is linked to activation of the ligand-dependent transcription factor PPARγ. Recently, Odegaard et al. demonstrated with a macrophage-specific deletion of PPARγ in mice that alternative macrophage activation is impaired [14]. We provided evidence that contact to apoptotic tran

• br The complementary role of

  2025-01-22

  

  The complementary role of chaperone mediated autophagy Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) mediates the degradation of specific cellular proteins and participates in the regulation of lipid metabolism, DNA repair, or the response to stress (Kaushik and Cuervo, 2018). CMA provides an alternative pa

• The link between HPV infection and neoplasia has

  2025-01-22

  

  The link between HPV infection and neoplasia has been well established. HPV encodes two oncogenes (E6 and E7) that drive cmv virus progression by controlling the functions of tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb [7]. HPV is associated with more than 99% of cervical CESC cases [8]. CESC remains a ma

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